Grain Quality as Affected by Down-regulation of Expression of Different ALK Alleles in indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

【Objective】Gelatinization temperature (GT) is one of the key physicochemical properties in rice quality, which is mainly regulated by ALK (SSII-3) gene. In general, there are two ALK alleles among indica cultivars. To detect their functional differentiation in indica rice,【Method】Zhenshan 97B (a high GT variety carrying ALKc allele) and Longtefu B (a low GT variety carrying ALKb allele), were used as receptors for the generation of transgenic rice with down-regulation of ALK expression by RNA interference (RNAi).【Result】Down-regulation of ALK gene significantly decreased the GT of the transgenic lines. Due to the difference of original GT between the two receptors, the GT of transgenic rice lines derived from Zhenshan 97B (a high GT variety) decreased significantly, but it is slightly decreased in transgenic plants derived from Longtefu B (a low GT variety). The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the initial temperature of RNAi transgenic rice was significantly lower than the corresponding control and the transgenic lines were gelatinized in advance. The peak value of GT(Tp) in RNAi rice grains was significantly lower than that of the control under Zhenshan 97B background. However, Tp of RNAi rice grains under Longtefu B background was significantly lower than the control to a lesser extent. Also, down-regulation of ALK expression had a significant effect on rice physical-chemical characteristics. An increase of apparent amylose content in RNAi transgenic plants was detected due to the decreased expression of ALK gene. Besides, the pasting properties showed that down-regulation of ALK gene had obvious effects on peak viscosity and breakdown value, improving the taste of the transgenic rice. The gel consistency was significantly different among Zhenshan 97B RNAi lines and their parents, but no difference was found in Longtefu-derived transgenic lines.【Conclusion】RNA interference to ALK allele expression had a significant effect on rice quality, especially the gelatinization characters. Down-regulated expression level of ALKc allele would cause larger variation of physical-chemical characteristics between transgenic rice and their parent than that of ALKb allele.     

不同种植方式下温度升高对水稻产量及同化物转运的影响

【目的】气候变暖对水稻生产系统的影响备受关注,研究不同种植方式下,水稻产量及其形成对气候变化的响应规律,为水稻种植区划、栽培措施和品种调整提供依据。【方法】 2017—2018年以南粳9108和南粳46为供试品种,模拟机插秧移栽和机械化直播2种种植方式,以常温（NT）为对照,于始穗期进行中度升温（平均增加2℃,MT）和极端高温胁迫（平均增加5℃,HT）,研究不同种植方式下温度升高对不同水稻品种的产量及其构成、同化物转运、光合生产特性的影响。【结果】在中度升温和极端高温胁迫下,南粳9108和南粳46产量降幅均为移栽<直播,长生育期品种南粳46产量降幅较小。穗干物重增长速率表现为NT>MT>HT,水稻茎叶向穗的干物质转运量、转运率均随着温度升高而递减,且南粳9108下降趋势大于南粳46。穗后21 d至成熟期,剑叶SPAD值总体随着温度的升高而增加,差异达极显著水平;剑叶净光合速率穗后14—21 d均以极端高温胁迫处理下最小,而到穗后35 d以极端高温胁迫处理下最大。剑叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率均呈NT>MT>HT趋势,生育后期差异更显著。通径分析表明,产量各构成因子对产量的影响程度为结实率>千粒重>穗数>每穗粒数,温度处理对产量各构成因子的影响都表现为负效应,且以结实率影响最大（-0.819）。相关分析表明,不同种植方式下受中度升温、极端高温胁迫后,成熟期干物质总重量、茎叶干物质转运量与产量构成因子（穗数除外）,一、二次枝梗籽粒结实率都呈极显著正相关。【结论】始穗期2—5℃升温均显著降低粳稻结实率,从而导致水稻产量降低。从光合物质特性究其原因是由于温度升高降低了干物质向穗的转运率和穗干物质积累速率,从而导致生育后期水稻剑叶SPAD值增加,延长叶片持绿时间,抑制“源”向“库”转移。从气候变暖应对措施来看,选择采用移栽种植方式和长生育期品种易于表现出对极端高温胁迫逆境较好的抗性。     

基于无人机技术的小五台山保护区黑鹳巢穴监测研究

为了科学监测小五台山自然保护区黑鹳的巢穴,制定切实可行的保护措施,2018年和2019年连续2a利用无人机技术监测黑鹳巢穴。监测结果表明:金河口管理区的金河口沟有1处黑鹳巢穴,金河口管理区郑家沟有1处黑鹳巢穴,辉川管理区松枝口沟有1处黑鹳巢穴。通过观察得知:2018年金河口管理区金河口沟的黑鹳巢穴内有4只幼鹳,郑家沟的黑鹳巢穴是空巢,辉川管理区松枝口沟的黑鹳巢内有2只幼鹳;2019年金河口管理区金河口沟的黑鹳巢内有3只幼鹳,郑家沟的黑鹳巢穴仍然是空巢,辉川管理区松枝口沟的黑鹳巢内有3只幼鹳。这3处巢穴的选址都是在悬崖峭壁上,离地面高度至少在30m以上,工作人员很难从俯视的角度观察其内部的情况,利用无人机则很好地解决了这一问题。利用无人机技术对保护区黑鹳巢穴的监测,对黑鹳的科学研究和保护起到了极大的促进作用。     

Effect of dietary fish oil on enhanced inflammation and disturbed lipophagy in white adipose tissue caused by a high fat diet

Fisheries Science - Fish oil containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) attenuates chronic inflammation found in obesity, leading to a reduction in insulin resistance. The effect of fish...     

山西省近二十年审定小麦品种的农艺和品质性状变化

为研究近20年来山西省审定小麦品种的农艺性状和品质性状的演变情况，以1997－2018年山西省审定的175个小麦品种为研究对象，总结分析其农艺性状和品质指标的演化规律。结果表明，山西省近20年来审定品种产量水平呈显著上升趋势；株高呈下降趋势，但中部冬麦区水地审定品种株高过高，有倒伏风险；产量三因素中，穗粒数稳步提升，南部中熟冬麦区品种的穗粒数均高于中部晚熟冬麦区品种，千粒重变化不明显，但“十三五”时期审定的旱地品种千粒重下降明显，单位面积穗数呈显著上升趋势。山西省近年来审定品种品质性状没有显著变化，籽粒蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值和稳定时间均没有显著提高。山西省今后一段时间的育种目标仍然是品质与产量的协同提高，水地品种应在保证穗数和粒重的基础上加强穗粒数的选择，旱地品种应注重穗粒数和粒重的选择。     

西江流域卷口鱼线粒体D-loop序列的遗传多样性分析

为研究西江流域广西境内卷口鱼(Ptychidio jordani)种群的遗传变异情况，自广西境内6个江段采集了139尾样本，采用PCR与DNA测序技术分析其线粒体D-loop序列的遗传多样性及群体历史动态；139条D-loop序列长度均为725 bp，碱基组成A+T (65.7%)远远高于C+G (34.3%)，共检测到变异位点25个，转颠换比R值为11.5。139尾样本共定义23个单倍型。单倍型的NJ系统树以及网络结构图显示，23个单倍型间有2个明显分支，不同地理群体来源的单倍型混杂分布在2个分支中，未能观察到明显的地理聚群。6个群体遗传多样性较好，单倍型多样性Hd=0.71585~0.92063，核苷酸多样性Pi=0.00173~0.00668，遗传分化极其显著(遗传分化系数Fst=0.36737，P<0.001)。AMOVA分析表明，群体内变异占63.26%，群体间为36.74%。中性检验(Tajima’s D= –0.50322，P=0.34600；Fu’s Fs= –5.05210，P=0.08800)与核苷酸错配分布表明，西江流域卷口鱼种群近期内未经历过种群扩张。综上所述，西江流域广西境内的卷口鱼遗传多样性表现为高单倍型、低核苷酸多样性的特征，群体间不同程度的遗传分化表明水坝阻隔及捕捞因素可能促进其发生，而水利梯级开发可能是促进卷口鱼群体遗传分化的首要原因。     

Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of PPARγ expression in porcine uteroplacenta for regulating of placental angiogenesis through VEGF-mediated signalling

Non-infectious prenatal mortality severely affects the porcine industry, with pathological placentation as a likely key reason. Previous studies have demonstrated that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) deficiency causes defects in the uteroplacental vasculature and induces embryonic losses in mice. However, its role in porcine placental angiogenesis remains unclear. In the present study, PPARγ expression was investigated in porcine uteroplacental tissues at gestational day (GD) 25, GD40 and GD70 via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Moreover, the roles of PPARγ in porcine placental angiogenesis were investigated using a cell model of porcine umbilical vein endothelial cells (PUVECs) to conduct proliferation, migration and tube formation assays in vitro and a mouse xenograft model to assess capillary formation in vivo. The results showed that PPARγ was mainly located in the glandular epithelium, trophoblast, amniotic chorion epithelium and vascular endothelium, as indicated by the higher expression levels at GD25 and GD40 than at GD70 in endometrium and by higher expression levels at GD40 and GD70 than at GD25 in placenta. Moreover, PPARγ expression was significantly downregulated in placenta with dead foetus. In PUVECs, knocking out PPARγ significantly inhibited proliferation, migration and tube formation in vitro and inhibited capillary formation in mouse xenografts in vivo by blocking S-phase, promoting apoptosis and downregulating the angiogenic factors of VEGF and its receptors. Overall, the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of PPARγ expression in porcine uteroplacental tissue suggests its vital role in endometrial remodelling and placental angiogenesis, and PPARγ regulates placental angiogenesis through VEGF-mediated signalling.     

设施农田土壤重金属污染评价及分区阈值研究

设施农田高强度的耕作模式使土壤重金属累积日益加重，因地制宜地确定其土壤重金属目标值与筛选值对设施农田可持续生产意义重大。本文以石家庄、衡水与唐山为研究区，基于土壤重金属污染风险和生态风险评价，用熵权法得出综合风险等级并确定重金属污染分区阈值。结果表明土壤Cd、Cu、Zn污染最严重，高风险区占比达40.57%。研究区设施农田土壤Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn全量与有效态的目标值分别为0.12、40.17、19.23、116.03 mg·kg^-1与0.02、4.19、0.59、8.80 mg·kg^-1；筛选值分别为0.40、90.27、38.33、170.68 mg·kg^-1与0.11、11.77、1.55、14.24 mg·kg^-1。基于综合评价结果反推分区阈值的方法简单便捷，重金属全量与有效态的目标值及筛选值的确定为研究区设施农田重金属污染的预防提供了多方位的指导。     

Roles of protein phosphatase 4 in down-regulation of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation induced by palmitic acid in human umbilical vein endotheli?al cells

AIMTo investigate the roles of protein phosphatase 4 (PP4) in down-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) Ser633 phosphorylation induced by palmitic acid (PA). METHODSHuman umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with PA at 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L and 200μmol/L for 36 h, or treated with PA at 100 μmol/L for 12 h, 24 h, 36 h and 48 h. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) family inhibitor fostriecin (FST, 20 nmol/L) or okadaic acid (OA, 5 nmol/L) was selected to pretreat the HUVECs for 30 min. Protein phosphatase 4 catalytic subunit (PP4c) siRNA or protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac) siRNA was transfected into the HUVECs. The protein expression levels of of eNOS, PP4c and PP2Ac, as well as the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation, were detected by Western blot. The intracellular nitric oxide (NO) content was measured by DAF-FM DA. RESULTS(1) Compared with control group, the levels of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation were decreased in PA groups in which the HUVECs were treated with 25 μmol/L, 50 μmol/L, 100 μmol/L and 200 μmol/L PA for 36 h (P<0.05) and 100 μmol/L PA for 24 h, 36 h and 48 h (P<0.05). No significant difference in the level of total eNOS protein expression among all the groups was observed. (2) Compared with control group, both FST and OA pretreatment reversed the reduction of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation (P<0.05) and the decrease in intracellular NO content (P<0.05) induced by PA. No significant difference in the level of total eNOS protein expression among all the groups was observed. (3) Compared with si-Control group, the PP4c protein expression was significantly reduced (P<0.05), while the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation was significantly increased in si-PP4c group (P<0.05). Although the levels of PP2Ac protein expression declined significantly (P<0.05), the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation remained unchanged in si-PP2Ac group. No significant differencein the level of total eNOS protein expression among all the groups was found. CONCLUSION PA significantly reduces the level of eNOS Ser633 phosphorylation and the content of NO in the HUVECs, which may be due to PA inducing the activation of the PP2A family member PP4 rather than PP2A.